00:00:00: Count Adolf V Berg stood on the banks of the Rhine some fifty kilometres north of Cologne.

00:00:07: Here, on the fourteenth August twelve eighty-eight he looked across to a neighbouring bank in the left bank and knew that the town of Noys lay just one bend off river Thervon.

00:00:18: That ancient town, Noys which had already flourished in Roman times was once again firmly at hand by Archbishop of Cologna.

00:00:27: It was an ideal location from which to control and levy taxes on this stretch of the Rhine River.

00:00:33: So, what he was about do here would be something that greatly angered the Archbishop of Cologne.

00:00:40: Under normal circumstances it immediately triggered a feud or full-blown regional war – The archbishops' allies would advance in back territory from all sides!

00:00:51: He had himself been a vessel for the archbishop since…the time?

00:00:57: went back.

00:00:58: But that fourteenth august, twelve eighty-eight was no ordinary occasion.

00:01:03: Out of the fifth could not help but smile!

00:01:06: None of the Archbishop's vessels would attack him for what he was about to do here and least off all the archbishop himself For the current incumbent Siegfried van Westerburg Was too busy To be of any help was being held captive in Adolf V's castle in Zollingen, he was powerless to act an entirely at the mercy of the Count of Berg.

00:01:29: The Battle Of Warring had taken place just under two months earlier and Adolf had emerged victorious.

00:01:35: This spoils his chief enemy – the Archbishop of Cologne – as a prisoner.

00:01:41: The Lord of Berg could not let this historic opportunity for his county slip so turned round and looked at the residents present here, and his entourage who had traveled with him.

00:01:55: The locals were just a handful of farmers.

00:01:58: Nevertheless out-of-the-fifth spoke great joy in an ounce with pride.

00:02:03: Dear people of Düsseldorf are hereby grant you town rights for your settlements.

00:02:10: on to the intro.

00:02:20: Did it really happen like that?

00:02:22: I may have embellished a little but the historical fact is true.

00:02:25: On August, the small settlement on the Rhine called Dusseldorf was granted town privileges that would not have been possible before.

00:02:34: The town belonging to the Count of Berk right under Rhine unthinkable in eyes of the Archbishop of Cologne.

00:02:40: but a power vacuum had arisen and out.

00:02:49: And with that, welcome back to The History of Cologne.

00:02:51: A podcast about the history of the city of Cologna That is over two thousand years old.

00:02:56: But until it became what today this Old City on the Rhine has endured a colourful which past tense.

00:03:00: It can therefore be seen as a microcosm Of European history.

00:03:04: This podcast you can listen As the city grows from the Romans up Until our present time.

00:03:09: What an episode was last?

00:03:12: Time!

00:03:12: The battle of Warringen had raged outside the walls of Cologne and virtually, in the entire north-western part of the empire was taken.

00:03:18: It is here that Limburg War of Succession has been decided for this side comprising Berk, Babant & the City Of Cologne.

00:03:28: We'll come to these consequences in a moment... The defeated party was the Archbishop But why he lost the battle?

00:03:37: After all He'd even have more troops at his disposal And aboveall More knights during the Battle.

00:03:42: Historica research has identified two key moments in particular.

00:03:46: Right at the start, The Archbishop made a fatal mistake of pivoting towards center of enemy's lines after provisionally crushing their left wing.

00:03:56: In doing so he clashed with his Luxembourg allies.

00:03:59: Admittedly they formed an overwhelming force which the Bravant opposition clearly struggled to cope With.

00:04:05: .The second turning point also cured among the archbishops' Allies.

00:04:09: as battle progressed A large proportion of the Allied troops from Geldan refused to take an active part in this battle and attempted, unsuccessfully, to plunder the Brabant camp which they believed to be unguarded.

00:04:23: This allowed Brabants to withdraw troops form that flank and send them into the fray at center – that effectively decided The late attack by the initially repelled Cologne forces and their back peasants should of course not be underestimated, however that participation was not decisive for the outcome.

00:04:43: By then the Luxemburgers were all dead – and the Archbishop of Cologne was trapped in a thick of battle unable to maneuver.

00:04:51: Other accounts are likely to be case-of modern local patriotism on part of Cologna or even Düsseldorf.

00:04:58: The achievements of the foot soldiers from Cologne and Berg should not be downplayed, but as I said their battle was good by that point.

00:05:06: So you see historians like me are spoil sports!

00:05:10: What's what is the significance?

00:05:13: From a military historical perspective it has been one of the greatest battles between knights in the German Middle Ages.

00:05:22: When it comes to political assessment i have also come across differing viewpoints.

00:05:27: Which of these do I find more convincing?

00:05:30: I have no idea.

00:05:31: Perhaps the answer lies somewhere, as always in the middle.

00:05:35: For some historians it marks a turning point in history of the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire.

00:05:41: The battle prevented the Archbishop of Cologne from continuing to expand his power and establishing a dominant contiguous territorial state.

00:05:50: Places such as Berg or Jülich would then on paper still have existed, yes but only at a mere vassal of low rank.

00:05:57: It was precisely this that the well-known outcome of Battle of Worringen prevented – The Archbishop Of Cologne wasn't only halted in his quest for power… But actually pushed back!

00:06:09: That is one view.

00:06:11: The other view holds that the Battle of Warringen was, of course significant due to its scale and a number of participants.

00:06:18: Politically however it would have changed little that wasn't already in the offing – namely curbing of the Archbishop's secular power & greater independence for the other secure rulers as described here.

00:06:31: This happened even without this bloody battle!

00:06:35: Likewise Cologne would in effect have shaken-off the archbishops rule.

00:06:40: These, now the two views I have come across which interestingly enough nevertheless arrived at their same conclusion.

00:06:48: For many parts of the lower Rhine region and indeed for the city of Cologne itself The full implications of the battle were not immediately apparent.

00:06:55: Yet it was soon incorporated into their own collective memory.

00:07:00: In Cologne a few years after the Battle A chapel was built in the Zevrensviertel dedicated to Saint Boniface.

00:07:10: His feast day fell on fifth June, the very day in which The Battle of Warring was traditionally commemorated each year.

00:07:17: There, the Cologne city council celebrated their victory at Warring every year!

00:07:22: The battle for Warring also depicted in the Codex Maness – it's French I believe and you know I can't speak French – dating from around thirteen hundredth the largest German song manuscript of middle ages right up until present-day.

00:07:37: In eighteen ninety-three the Düsseldorf painter Peter Jansen, The Elder painted a historical painting intended to depict that scene at the end of the Battle of Warringham how the monk Walter Dodde called upon the Bergisch peasants go into battle.

00:07:54: The painting deliberately omits The rivalry between Düsseldorf and Cologne as competing industrial cities was already all too real at that time.

00:08:08: As recently, as in nineteen eighty-eight the city of Düsseldov treated itself to a new monument commemorating the battle of Waringen known as the Stadt Erhebungsdenkmal meaning City Elevation Monument .The Bronx Collage was unveiled Yet it took around a hundred years before Düsseldorf even began to feel the effects after II-XVIII.

00:08:33: It was not until around XIII-XIII that the Lords of Berg left their ancestral seat Schlossburg in Zollingen and made Düsseldov their new capital, The rest as they say is history.

00:08:47: Alongside Brabant and the city of Cologne –the House of Berg–was one of great victors for the Battle of Waringen.

00:08:53: From then on it was able as a territory in its own right outside the Archdiocese of Cologne and help the region now known as Bergisches Land, to forge it's identity which remains proud.

00:09:09: The founding of Düsseldorf for example too or the ability to mint own coins independently.

00:09:17: here Berg was no longer dependent on the archbishop cologne.

00:09:21: however great political gain failed to materialize.

00:09:26: Independence was the greatest achievement for the County of Berg, with an elevation of Berg from a county to Adachi in thirteen eighty.

00:09:35: The Archbishop's final claim would be that feudal lord over the House of Berg is forever lost.

00:09:42: Whilst the house of Berg's possessions were largely situated at east of the archbishopric of Cologne ,the County of Jülich was in effect its western counterpart.

00:09:52: Once a powerful ally of the city of Cologne and citizens, Jülich did not quite manage to regain its former splendor during that period.

00:10:00: And this was despite the fact it had been among victors at the Battle of Warringen.

00:10:05: Victorious Brabant too saw no benefit in further strengthening his direct neighbour.

00:10:10: as with The House Of Berk independence was most important achievement here for Jülig – and in thirteen forty six the king elevated the county.

00:10:22: The main loser in political terms was of course the Archbishop of Cologne.

00:10:27: With support from the House of Gelder and Luxembourg, he had hoped to retain the upper hand in a lower Rhine region – he had won that battle!

00:10:36: A contiguous domain dominated by the archbishop who'd well have emerged in an northwestern empire with the Arch-Bishop of cologne as powerful duke.

00:10:45: speaking hypothetically, as this never actually came to pass….

00:10:51: The opposite occurred.

00:10:52: The secular political influence of the Church Of Cologne was greatly diminished.

00:10:56: Added to this, it was a de facto loss its own capital although I realized there were not such things as capitals back then namely cologne.

00:11:06: A secret from Westerburg would never see Cologne again let alone set foot here until his death.

00:11:12: however the archbishop's of Cologne had no lost control entirely.

00:11:18: repeated attempts to strike a balance regarding the powers that still remained with the Archbishop inside this city.

00:11:25: At times, a pragmatic coexistence even prevailed.

00:11:28: Wehram für Jürich for example had himself buried in Cologne Cathedral of the mid-fourteenth century and it shows there was an agreement between the city and the archbishop.

00:11:43: but I jumped ahead off time.

00:11:45: Back then, the archbishop who lost the Battle of Warringen Siegfried van Westerburg had to bite a bullet when it came into the other rulers.

00:11:52: For around year between twelve eighty-eight and twelve eighty nine he was held captive at Castle Schlossburg in what is now the city of Zoolingen as personal prisoner for the Count of Berg, who was infact an archepiscopal vassal that was holding his own feudal lord captive.

00:12:10: And even though this has been disproved by historical research.

00:12:14: The claim persisted for a long time that during his captivity, the Archbishop of Cologne had to wear his armor every single day so that he whole world could see that the Count of Berk was not holding a poor modest and pious bishop captive but true warlord and military commander.

00:12:33: This claim is nonsense though nevertheless illustrates it must have been extremely humiliating for Siegfried von Westerburg former Vassel.

00:12:46: During his captivity, Siegfried von Westerbock was forced to accept not entirely of its own volition that with Düsseldorf the house of Berg had advanced as far as the Rhine River and now posing a significant threat here opposite of his city noise.

00:13:02: The Archbishop also compelled to give assurances he would not erect any fortifications on.

00:13:12: At the same time, groups of citizens from Cologne, Berg, Marc and Brabant travelled through a territory ruled by the Archbishop of Cologne.

00:13:21: And ravaged the archbishops' castles, ceasing their opportunity.

00:13:25: The loss or destruction of these castles was –of course– further political setback for the archbishops.

00:13:31: You know, castles are expensive... ...and if they get destroyed that's even more bad When Siegfried von Westerberg was released on June and permitted to leave Schlossburg.

00:13:44: The Count of Berg had rested twelve thousand marks in silver from him, secured the remission off all ecclesiastical penalties and reclaimed the right to mint coins for his territory – a ride which the Archbishop had only taken away form the House of Berg in twelve seventy-nine.

00:14:01: During his imprisonment Siegfried had fallen seriously ill…and would need some time to regain health

00:14:09: again.".

00:14:11: In the aftermath of warringen, the Count of Mark secured the rights over the monastery in Essen.

00:14:18: Not only was this monastery incredibly wealthy but it was precisely for that reason some sixty years earlier – in twelve twenty-five an archbishop of Cologne had been murdered and a dispute over it.

00:14:32: You know Engelbert von Berg?

00:14:34: By gaining control The Count of Maak had not only secured a lucrative economic enterprise at the expense of the Archbishop of Cologne, but also key stronghold along this so-called Hellwig –the east west trade route.

00:14:48: This permanently weakened the archbishop's positional failure.

00:14:52: for you Americans.

00:14:54: The count now accesses to Route sixty six.

00:14:59: Another major loser was the Count of Geldern.

00:15:03: He too was captured by his enemies at the Battle of Worringen.

00:15:06: Even before the battle, Count Reinhardt von Geldern had been heavily in-depth as he had spent several years unsuccessfully attempting to establish himself a new Duke of Limburg until he sold his claims to Limburg and Luxembourgers for that tidy sum of forty thousand marks of silver!

00:15:25: The only problem is that at this time during his capture had not yet received this sum from Luxemburgers.

00:15:33: And since all the Luxenburgers have been killed at the Battle of Worigen, he never did receive it – This spelled financial ruin for the Count of Geldern.

00:15:43: Naturally He also renounced his claims to Limburg.

00:15:47: Financially ruined from twelve ninety onwards The count of geldern leased out his estates and entire county for five years in order pay off creditors.

00:15:58: In Limburg.

00:15:59: Everyone was a loser.

00:16:01: The local nobility had fallen out and fought one another.

00:16:03: at Worringen, the land they are lay in ruins.

00:16:06: Monasteries farms villages were devastated.

00:16:09: And yet In the medium term Limburg would flourish once more under Berband rule.

00:16:15: later when became part of Burgundy it Would flourish on the Burgundian rule in late Middle Ages?

00:16:24: The greatest victor Of the battle of Worringing was of course Robbans.

00:16:29: Duke John I was able to further extend his power towards the Rhineland.

00:16:34: He regarded this victory as so significant that from then on, His Court of Arms featured both the Brabant line and a Limburg Line in a quartered design.

00:16:48: Admittedly... Rabant too had suffered economically as a result of the long war, however because John's power has already been firmly established here at an early stage and he maintained much stronger local presence.

00:17:00: He was able to recover from this war quickly.

00:17:03: Rabant together with Limburg fell to Burgundy some hundred forty years later thereby fueling its rise as late medieval power at times on par with France in the Holy Roman Empire so to speak.

00:17:19: Germany and France.

00:17:20: And since I know that there are many, many medieval history buffs among my listeners who love Burgundy without the Battle of Warringen – There would be no burgundy as we know it from the history books!

00:17:32: Then we can take this line of thought even further….

00:17:35: Without THIS Burgundy shaped by the battle of Waringen large parts which later fell into the Habsburgs in fourteen eighty-two.

00:17:43: So subsequent German dualism between Prussia would not have emerged, a dualism that would shape German history particularly in the nineteenth century.

00:17:53: Right but enough of looking so fine to future for now!

00:17:56: The Luxemburgs were also on losing side at the Battle of Warringen But as great as human tragedy was it proved to be little consequence from this noble house.

00:18:10: The son of the Luxembourg Count who felled at the battle of Weringen became king And after him came others, such as Wenzelhaus who would bring Prague to its golden age in the middle of the fourteenth century.

00:18:25: But hey this is still….

00:18:27: I know we slide off slightly but there's a podcast about The City Of Cologne.

00:18:32: what were the consequences for the city?

00:18:35: Let us finally turn to Cologne then which was after all subject of that podcast.

00:18:40: As i said For The CityofCologne it was tremendous victory.

00:18:43: on paper or rather on parchment They had defeated their own feudal lord.

00:18:50: And in doing so, they had effectively secured the city's independence.

00:18:54: In many works on Cologne history The account is simplified to suggest that from then on everything was wonderful and Cologne was a free-city.

00:19:02: no archbishop anymore Yay!

00:19:05: There are some truths there of course.

00:19:07: Following the victorious battle the cologne troops set about together with their allies raising the Archbishops castle at Worringen and other places.

00:19:16: In other words, destroying it so that would no longer pose a threat to the city's trade

00:19:21: routes.".

00:19:22: As visible sign of victory, the stones from the castle of Worringen were transported to Cologne on carts and symbolically incorporated into the city wards.

00:19:34: What was also brought about by his sheer enforced absence in the Archbishop was that the High Court of the archbishop lost a great deal which was taken over by the Cologne City Council.

00:19:48: Many of the levies and taxes that the Archbishop had imposed within the city were either abolished or placed under the city's own administration, this made Cologne a little richer once

00:20:00: again.".

00:20:02: And as I said, Archbishops secret from Westerburg.

00:20:04: he never returned to Cologne.

00:20:06: after his death He was buried in what is now Bonn-Minster.

00:20:10: From the time of Worringen onwards Bonn along with few other places became in effect the permanent main residence of the Cologne archbishops and therein lies the irony.

00:20:21: For centuries, the Archbishop's of Cologne were not cologne-based at all.

00:20:28: although later Archbishops were permitted to travel to Cologne for liturgical services this was only allowed with permission from City Council of Cologna under strict guard.

00:20:41: so is everything well now?

00:20:44: Is Cologne a free and proud city?

00:20:47: Not quite.

00:20:48: It was to take almost two hundred years before Cologne officially attained the status of a Free Imperial City, de facto.

00:20:55: however it's true The Archbishop no longer had much say here being simplified version.

00:21:04: So expect to hear less about archbishops in this podcast from now on.

00:21:07: but they will not be gone for good.

00:21:11: They'll still appear.

00:21:13: Some of you will be pleased about that, I'm sure.

00:21:16: That we'll not only talk about archbishops now anymore.

00:21:21: The battle of Warringen claimed between seven hundred and one thousand lives on the Cologne side.

00:21:27: This was particularly a case during the Archbishop's decisive first attack in the Battle of Weringen before noon.

00:21:35: With a population around forty-thousand half who were likely male.

00:21:39: that amounts to up to five percent all male residents who perished here in this battle.

00:21:47: Mind you, this happened a single day –in a single battle– an enormous toll of

00:21:52: loss-of-life.".

00:21:54: In the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Warringl however further conflicts arose.

00:21:58: This was despite an agreement dated on June eighteenth twelve eighty-eight between the city and its former lord.

00:22:06: Fazifud from Vesterburg did not accept that he had been stripped off his position.

00:22:11: He was to continue fighting until his death in twelve ninety-seven, albeit no longer primarily with the sword.

00:22:17: Furthermore he demanded this sum of two hundred thousand marks of silver from a city of colonists' compensation or some that were far too high and regard as madness even by his contemporaries.

00:22:30: This was impunishment for illegal change of allegiance shortly before the Battle of Varian and resulting loss of revenue since then.

00:22:39: How did Cologne deal with this demand for payment?

00:22:43: Quite simply.

00:22:44: The city refused to pay.

00:22:47: Consequently, the ecclesiastical penalties against the City remained in place for almost ten years – their interdicts.

00:22:54: This placed enormous burden on everyone but it was not such a harsh penalty anymore.

00:23:04: And as I said… many folkloric accounts, not to portray this as a conflict between good and evil.

00:23:14: Good cologne between the evil archbishop but rather as clash of power blocks The Archbishop and his subordinates on one hand versus the city's wealthier citizens on another And that is where unsavory aspects come into light.

00:23:30: As we know Jews had always been able rely upon the archbishops protection though As mentioned, this protection should be viewed with caution.

00:23:41: But now the Archbishop's expulsion out of city also a share in profits from the city's Jewish community whose quarter lies right at heart.

00:23:53: The Jews are soon to face double financial burden.

00:23:58: The archbishop cheerfully continues collecting his dues but the City of Cologne is not demanding payment for so-called protection with many consequences to come.

00:24:10: Following the euphoria over the victory at Worringen, a sense of disillusionment is spreading through this city.

00:24:19: The many deaths in battle have left their mark and neither king nor any greater extent the pope were prepared for that time being make further concessions or grant its privileges.

00:24:32: The bitter realization however was Cologne had freed the city from the archbishop, but nothing more.

00:24:40: The power of Cologne's citizens ended immediately beyond their city walls.

00:24:43: Directly behind them in open space they continued to rule and the Archbishops saw no reason to relinquish their claim to Cologne.

00:24:54: despite Worringen For centuries to come.

00:24:56: this was now an island within a secular domain ruled by the Archbishop like West Berlin, surrounded by communist East Germany.

00:25:06: Cologne's territory expansion was thus no longer possible.

00:25:10: Geographically the city became fixed within the boundaries that had existed since eleven eighty and it was to remain for around seven hundred years a clear geographical disadvantage of cologne not yet so noticeable in twelve eighty eight.

00:25:28: at their time cologne was still the largest city medieval germany but a city like Nuremberg would eventually overtake Cologne by the end of Middle Ages, partly because it possessed further territory beyond its city walls in the countryside which could also be expanded and used for expansion.

00:25:47: Economically too their long-term consequences were not all positive – the archbishop's taxes and levies which had previously been collected within this city may well have ended up.

00:25:59: the days of Cologne having its own currency were over.

00:26:04: The Cologne penny was no longer minted in Cologne, lost much of it's significance as a super-regional currency and was replaced by the coin called Heller.

00:26:22: In my view... ...the Battle of Warringen was a significant turning point for the city of Cologn simply because of the event itself.

00:26:30: However many of the consequences I have described here only became apparent in the long term.

00:26:36: The political situation remained tense.

00:26:40: Although Cologne was, in effect free from the archbishop Siegfried von Westerburg Was unwilling to relinquish his claims.

00:26:47: So why didn't he go into a war again?

00:26:49: Quite simply He had no money left To do so... He died and born In twelve ninety seven And the ecclesiastical penalties imposed on cologne Remained in place for time being.

00:27:00: Would things improve under his successor?

00:27:03: I think we leave it at that For now.

00:27:05: The last few episodes of the podcast have covered quite a lot of national history, so to speak.

00:27:12: I'm really looking forward to taking you on a narrative journey here in a small scale once again although i too am sad that we haven't finished this significant part of Cologne's History – the Battle of Warringen!

00:27:26: I'd been looking forward it ever since the podcast began but never mind as the Romans used to say Tempus Fugit.

00:27:35: So next time we'll focus on something a bit more local, be surprised.

00:27:40: My sources were Ulrich Lehnhardt's.

00:27:43: The Battle of Warrion Warfare in the Middle Ages Vera Torunski, Warrian XII-XVIII and THE NAME OF FREEDOM XII VIII to XIX-XIII aspects of Cologne's history from Warrington into present days.

00:27:56: Thank you for listening!

00:27:57: We commend my podcast to anybody who loves History And until Next Time, auf Wiedersehen.